Polish cases: tables
Polish cases: tables
Dopełniacz (genitive)
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
| Animated | Inanimated | |||
| Adjective | -ego | -ego | -ej | -ego |
| Noun | -a | -a, -u | -y, -ki, -gi | -a |
| Plural | ||||
| Adjective | -ych, -ich | |||
| Noun | -ów, -y/-i | - | ||
- Nie mam starszego brata
- Nie lubię zimnej zupy
- Nie lubię ciepłego piwa
Some masculine nouns, specially inanimate monosyllabic nouns and polysyllabic nouns of foreign origin, take the ending -u in the genitive, e.g., sklepu, domu, uniwersytetu, autobusu, hotelu.
An adverbial of place referring to the area where an activity starts has the structure z + Genitive:
- wychodzimy z placu
- idziemy z parku
- wysiadamy z autobusu
An adverbial of place referring to the area where an activity starts is directed do + Genitive:
- jedziemy do Wilanowa
- wchodzimy do pałacu
- wracamy do domu
The accusative of the direct object takes the form of the genitive after verbs in the negative (nie mam apetytu, nie mam temperatury)
Celownik (dative)
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
| Animated | Inanimated | |||
| Adjective | -owi, -u | -(i)e, -y, -i | -u | |
| Noun | -emu | -ej | -emu | |
| Plural | ||||
| Adjective | -ym, -kim, -gim | |||
| Noun | -om | |||
- Ona przyglądała się temu nowemu budynku.
- Swojej najlepszej przyjaciółce mogła powiedzieć wszystko
- Nieznajomy dał mojemu młodszemu synowi lizaka.
Biernik (accusative)
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
| Animated | Inanimated | |||
| Adjective | -ego | -y, -ki, -gi | -ą | -e |
| Noun | -a | - | -ę | -o, -e, -ę, -um |
| Plural | ||||
| Adjective | -ych | -e | ||
| Noun | -ów | -y | ||
- Mam inteligentnego brata
- Mam długą listę
- Mam sportowe auto
The accusative of masculine inanimate nouns and neuter nouns have the same case forms as the nominative.
The accusative singular of feminine nouns takes the ending ę: znam dziewczynę
The accusative singular of feminine adjectives ends in -ą: znam ładną dziewczynę
The accusative plural of non-virile nouns is the same as the nominative plural: oglądam fotografie, znam dziewczyny
An adverbial of place referring to the area where an activity starts is directed na + Accusative (when the place involved is in the open air):
- idziemy na przystanek
- idziemy na plac
Adverbials of purpose have a similar structure na + Accusative:
- czekamy na autobus, na kolację
- idziemy na kawę, na obiad
Narzędnik (instrumental)
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
| Animated | Inanimated | |||
| Adjective | -ym, -kim, -gim | -ą | -ym, -kim, -gim | |
| Noun | -em | -ą | -em | |
| Plural | ||||
| Adjective | -ymi, -imi | |||
| Noun | -ami | |||
- Trzeba władać tym przypadnikiem gramatycznym
- Interesuję się muzyką klasyczną
- Matka zajmuje się domem i dziećmi
Miejscownik (locative)
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
| Animated | Inanimated | |||
| Adjective | -ym, -kim, -gim | -ej | -ym, -kim, -gim | |
| Noun | -e, -u | -e, -y, -i | -e, -u | |
| Plural | ||||
| Adjective | -ych, -ich | |||
| Noun | -ach | |||
- Album o starym Krakowie
- On myśli o nowej pracy
- Oglądałam film o argentińskim tangu
The locative singular of masculine and neuter nouns has the endings -e and -u.
- Nouns with the stem ending in a hard consonant , with the exception of k, 'g and ch have ending -e.
- Nouns with the stem ending in a soft consonant as well as in k, 'g and ch' have ending -u. The ending -u also occurs exceptionally in the locative of the nouns dom, syn and pan.
The locative singular of feminine nouns has the endings -e , -i and -y.
- For nouns with the stem ending in a hard consonant: -e
- For nouns with the stem ending in a soft consonant: -i
- For nouns with the stem ending in a hardened consonant: -y
An adverbial of place referring to the area where an activity takes place has the structure na, w (we) or po + Locative:
- czekamy na przystanku
- czytamy w autobusie
- chodzimy po alejkach, po ulicach
Ad adverbial of time can be expressed by the structure po + Locative:
- po podróży (after the journey)
Wołacz (vocative)
- The vocative of masculine nouns is generally the same as the locative case forms (with the exception of the noun pan, the vocative of which is panie!).
- Feminine nouns ending in -a with stems ending in a hard consonant, have the vocative in -o. Those which denote the diminutive of forenames, with stems ending in a soft consonant, have the ending -u.