View source for Polish cases: tables

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==Polish cases: tables==

=== Dopełniacz (genitive)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center
|-
! colspan="5"| Singular
|-
! ||colspan="2"| Masculine || Feminine || Neuter 
|-
| || Animated || Inanimated || colspan="2"|
|-
| '''Adjective''' || -ego || -ego || -ej || -ego
|-
| '''Noun''' || -a || -a, -u || -y, -ki, -gi || -a
|-
! colspan="5"| Plural
|-
| '''Adjective''' || colspan="4"| -ych, -ich
|-
| '''Noun''' ||  -ów, -y/-i ||colspan="3"| - 
|}

* Nie mam starsz'''ego''' brat'''a'''
* Nie lubię zimn'''ej''' zup'''y'''
* Nie lubię ciepł'''ego''' piw'''a'''

Some masculine nouns, specially inanimate monosyllabic nouns and polysyllabic nouns of foreign origin, take the ending '''-u''' in the genitive, e.g., ''sklepu'', ''domu'', ''uniwersytetu'', ''autobusu'', ''hotelu''.

An adverbial of place referring to the area where an activity starts has the structure ''z'' + Genitive:
* wychodzimy z placu
* idziemy z parku
* wysiadamy z autobusu

An adverbial of place referring to the area where an activity starts is directed ''do'' + Genitive:
* jedziemy do Wilanowa
* wchodzimy do pałacu
* wracamy do domu

The accusative of the direct object takes the form of the genitive after verbs in the negative (nie mam '''apetytu''', nie mam '''temperatury''')

==== In the plural ====
The genitive plural of masculine nouns usually has the ending ''-ów'' (papierosów, parków, obrazów, proszków, tygodników, listów). 

* Nouns with the stems ending in a soft or hardened consonant have the endings ''-y'' or ''-i'' (grosze &mdash; groszy, pieniądze &mdash; pieniędzy, fotele &mdash; foteli, meble &mdash; mebli, parasole &mdash; parasoli). 

The genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns usually ends in a consonant (zero consonant): gazes pań, głów, kin. 
* In some nouns the vowel ''e'' can appear here: zapałek, mydeł, okien

The genitive plural of adjectives in all the gender forms takes the ending ''-ych'' (drobnych, złotych) or ''-ich'' (ostatnich)

=== Celownik (dative) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center
|-
! colspan="5"| Singular
|-
! ||colspan="2"| Masculine || Feminine || Neuter 
|-
| || Animated || Inanimated || colspan="2"|
|-
| '''Adjective''' || colspan="2"| -owi, -u || -(i)e, -y, -i || -u
|-
| '''Noun''' || colspan="2"| -emu || -ej || -emu
|-
! colspan="5"| Plural
|-
| '''Adjective''' || colspan="4"| -ym, -kim, -gim
|-
| '''Noun''' || colspan="4"| -om
|-
|}

* Ona przyglądała się temu now'''emu''' budynk'''u'''.
* Swojej najlepsz'''ej''' przyjaciół'''ce''' mogła powiedzieć wszystko
* Nieznajomy dał moj'''emu''' młodsz'''emu''' syn'''owi''' lizaka.

* Masculine nouns take the endings: ''-owi'' (Nowakowi) or ''-u'' (panu) in the dative singular. 
* The dative singular of all neuter nouns and all feminine nouns is the same as the locative case. 
* The dative plural has only one ending ''-om'' for the three genders of nouns. 
* The dative singular of adjectives has the ending ''-emu'' for the masculine and neuter forms, and the ending ''-ej'' for the feminine forms; while the dative plural has the same ending ''-ym'', ''-im'' for all gender forms.

=== Biernik (accusative) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center
|-
! colspan="5"| Singular
|-
! ||colspan="2"| Masculine || Feminine || Neuter 
|-
| || Animated || Inanimated || colspan="2"|
|-
| '''Adjective''' || -ego || -y, -ki, -gi || -ą || -e
|-
| '''Noun''' || -a || - || -ę || -o, -e, -ę, -um
|-
! colspan="5"| Plural
|-
|-
| '''Adjective''' || -ych || colspan="3"| -e 
|-
| '''Noun''' || -ów || colspan="3"| -y 
|}

* Mam inteligentn'''ego''' brat'''a'''
* Mam dług'''ą''' list'''ę'''
* Mam sportow'''e''' aut'''o'''

The accusative of masculine inanimate nouns and neuter nouns have the same case forms as the nominative. The accusative of male human nouns has the same form as Genitive. 

The accusative singular of feminine nouns takes the ending ''ę'': znam dziewczynę

The accusative singular of feminine adjectives ends in ''-ą'': znam ładną dziewczynę

The accusative plural of non-virile nouns is the same as the nominative plural: oglądam fotografie, znam dziewczyny

An adverbial of place referring to the area where an activity starts is directed na + Accusative (when the place involved is in the open air):
* idziemy na przystanek
* idziemy na plac

Adverbials of purpose have a similar structure na + Accusative:
* czekamy na autobus, na kolację
* idziemy na kawę, na obiad

The combination of the preposition ''w'' and the accusative plural: ''w kwiaty'', ''w paski'', ''w grouchy'' refers to the design of an object and functions as an ''attributive modifier''

=== Narzędnik (instrumental) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center
|-
! colspan="5"| Singular
|-
! ||colspan="2"| Masculine || Feminine || Neuter 
|-
| || Animated || Inanimated || colspan="2"|
|-
| '''Adjective''' || colspan="2"| -ym, -kim, -gim || -ą || -ym, -kim, -gim 
|-
| '''Noun''' || colspan="2"| -em || -ą || -em
|-
! colspan="5"| Plural
|-
| '''Adjective''' || colspan="4"| -ymi, -imi
|-
| '''Noun''' || colspan="4"| -ami
|}

* Trzeba władać tym przypadniki'''em''' gramatyczn'''ym'''
* Interesuję się muzyk'''ą''' klasyczn'''ą'''
* Matka zajmuje się dom'''em''' i dziećmi

The combination of the preposition ''przed'' with the instrumental can function both as an ''adverbial of place'' (przed drzwiami) and an ''adverbial of time'' (przed południem).

=== Miejscownik (locative) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center
|-
! colspan="5"| Singular
|-
! ||colspan="2"| Masculine || Feminine || Neuter 
|-
| || Animated || Inanimated || colspan="2"|
|-
| '''Adjective''' || colspan="2"| -ym, -kim, -gim || -ej || -ym, -kim, -gim 
|-
| '''Noun''' || colspan="2"| -e, -u || -e, -y, -i || -e, -u
|-
! colspan="5"| Plural
|-
| '''Adjective''' || colspan="4"| -ych, -ich
|-
| '''Noun''' || colspan="4"| -ach
|}

* Album o star'''ym''' Krakowi'''e'''
* On myśli o now'''ej''' prac'''y'''
* Oglądałam film o argentińs'''kim''' tang'''u'''

The locative singular of masculine and neuter nouns has the endings ''-e'' and ''-u''.
* Nouns with the stem ending in a [[Polish#Soft.2C_hardened_and_hard_consonants|hard consonant]], with the exception of ''k'', 'g'' and ''ch'' have ending ''-e''.
* Nouns with the stem ending in a soft consonant as well as in ''k'', 'g'' and ''ch' have ending ''-u''. The ending ''-u'' also occurs exceptionally in the locative of the nouns ''dom'', ''syn'' and ''pan''.

The locative singular of feminine nouns has the endings ''-e'' , ''-i'' and ''-y''.
* For nouns with the stem ending in a hard consonant: ''-e''
* For nouns with the stem ending in a soft consonant: ''-i''
* For nouns with the stem ending in a hardened consonant: ''-y''

An adverbial of place referring to the area where an activity takes place has the structure ''na'', ''w (we)'' or ''po'' + Locative:
* czekamy na przystanku
* czytamy w autobusie
* chodzimy po alejkach, po ulicach

Ad adverbial of time can be expressed by the structure ''po'' + Locative:
* po podróży (after the journey)

Adverbials of time referring to the seasons of the year can be explained either by the instrumental or a preposition with the locative case forms:
* ''latem'' &mdash; w lecie
* ''jesienią'' &mdash; na jesieni
* ''zimą'' &mdash; w zimie
Only the noun ''wiosna'' has the prepositional phrase formed with the accusative!
* ''wiosną'' &mdash; na wiosnę

The object of the verb ''mówić'' is expressed by the preposition o+Loc: e.g., mówić o porach roku.

=== Wołacz (vocative) ===

* The vocative of masculine nouns is generally the same as the locative case forms (with the exception of the noun ''pan'', the vocative of which is ''panie!'').
* Feminine nouns ending in ''-a'' with stems ending in a hard consonant, have the vocative in ''-o''. Those which denote the diminutive of forenames, with stems ending in a soft consonant, have the ending ''-u''.