Difference between revisions of "Polish cases: tables"
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* Nouns with the stem ending in a [http://Polish#Alfabet_.28Alphabet.29 hard consonant ], with the exception of ''k'', 'g'' and ''ch'' have ending ''-e''. | * Nouns with the stem ending in a [http://Polish#Alfabet_.28Alphabet.29 hard consonant ], with the exception of ''k'', 'g'' and ''ch'' have ending ''-e''. | ||
* Nouns with the stem ending in a soft consonant as well as in ''k'', 'g'' and ''ch' have ending ''-u''. The ending ''-u'' also occurs exceptionally in the locative of the nouns ''doc'', ''syn'' and ''pan''. | * Nouns with the stem ending in a soft consonant as well as in ''k'', 'g'' and ''ch' have ending ''-u''. The ending ''-u'' also occurs exceptionally in the locative of the nouns ''doc'', ''syn'' and ''pan''. | ||
An adverbial of place referring to the area where an activity takes place has the structure ''na'', ''w (we)'' or ''po'' + Locative: | |||
* czekamy na przystanku | |||
* czytamy w autobusie | |||
* chodzimy po alejkach, po ulicach | |||
=== Wołacz (vocative) === | === Wołacz (vocative) === | ||
Revision as of 17:29, 19 November 2021
Polish cases: tables
Dopełniacz (genitive)
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
| Animated | Inanimated | |||
| Adjective | -ego | -ego | -ej | -ego |
| Noun | -a | -a, -u | -y, -ki, -gi | -a |
| Plural | ||||
| Adjective | -ych, -ich | |||
| Noun | -ów, -y/-i | - | ||
- Nie mam starszego brata
- Nie lubię zimnej zupy
- Nie lubię ciepłego piwa
Some masculine nouns, specially inanimate monosyllabic nouns and polysyllabic nouns of foreign origin, take the ending -u in the genitive, e.g., sklepu, domu, uniwersytetu, autobusu, hotelu.
Celownik (dative)
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
| Animated | Inanimated | |||
| Adjective | -owi, -u | -(i)e, -y, -i | -u | |
| Noun | -emu | -ej | -emu | |
| Plural | ||||
| Adjective | -ym, -kim, -gim | |||
| Noun | -om | |||
- Ona przyglądała się temu nowemu budynku.
- Swojej najlepszej przyjaciółce mogła powiedzieć wszystko
- Nieznajomy dał mojemu młodszemu synowi lizaka.
Biernik (accusative)
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
| Animated | Inanimated | |||
| Adjective | -ego | -y, -ki, -gi | -ą | -e |
| Noun | -a | - | -ę | -o, -e, -ę, -um |
| Plural | ||||
| Adjective | -ych | -e | ||
| Noun | -ów | -y | ||
- Mam inteligentnego brata
- Mam długą listę
- Mam sportowe auto
The accusative of masculine inanimate nouns and neuter nouns have the same case forms as the nominative.
The accusative singular of feminine nouns takes the ending ę: znam dziewczynę
The accusative singular of feminine adjectives ends in -ą: znam ładną dziewczynę
The accusative plural of non-virile nouns is the same as the nominative plural: oglądam fotografie, znam dziewczyny
Narzędnik (instrumental)
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
| Animated | Inanimated | |||
| Adjective | -ym, -kim, -gim | -ą | -ym, -kim, -gim | |
| Noun | -em | -ą | -em | |
| Plural | ||||
| Adjective | -ymi, -imi | |||
| Noun | -ami | |||
- Trzeba władać tym przypadnikiem gramatycznym
- Interesuję się muzyką klasyczną
- Matka zajmuje się domem i dziećmi
Miejscownik (locative)
| Singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
| Animated | Inanimated | |||
| Adjective | -ym, -kim, -gim | -ej | -ym, -kim, -gim | |
| Noun | -e, -u | -e, -y, -i | -e, -u | |
| Plural | ||||
| Adjective | -ych, -ich | |||
| Noun | -ach | |||
- Album o starym Krakowie
- On myśli o nowej pracy
- Oglądałam film o argentińskim tangu
The locative singular of masculine and neuter nouns has the endings -e and -u.
- Nouns with the stem ending in a hard consonant , with the exception of k, 'g and ch have ending -e.
- Nouns with the stem ending in a soft consonant as well as in k, 'g and ch' have ending -u. The ending -u also occurs exceptionally in the locative of the nouns doc, syn and pan.
An adverbial of place referring to the area where an activity takes place has the structure na, w (we) or po + Locative:
- czekamy na przystanku
- czytamy w autobusie
- chodzimy po alejkach, po ulicach
Wołacz (vocative)
- The vocative of masculine nouns is generally the same as the locative case forms (with the exception of the noun pan, the vocative of which is panie!).
- Feminine nouns ending in -a with stems ending in a hard consonant, have the vocative in -o. Those which denote the diminutive of forenames, with stems ending in a soft consonant, have the ending -u.